{"id":10163,"date":"2025-03-04T15:45:11","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T15:45:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/midamerica.news\/wright-county-monitor\/2025\/03\/04\/researchers-use-lab-data-to-rewrite-equation-for-deformation-flow-of-watery-glacier-ice\/"},"modified":"2025-03-10T05:00:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T05:00:30","slug":"researchers-use-lab-data-to-rewrite-equation-for-deformation-flow-of-watery-glacier-ice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/midamerica.news\/wright-county-monitor\/2025\/03\/04\/researchers-use-lab-data-to-rewrite-equation-for-deformation-flow-of-watery-glacier-ice\/","title":{"rendered":"Researchers Use Lab Data To Rewrite Equation for Deformation, Flow of Watery Glacier Ice"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/a>
This polarized light image shows ice grains deformed in experiments with the ring-shear device in Neal Iverson’s Iowa State laboratory. The experiments show that grains, on average, grow about 3 times larger during experiments and develop more irregular boundaries. The different colors indicate different orientations of the grains.\u00a0(Photo courtesy of Neal Iverson.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n<\/div>\n

AMES, Iowa \u2013 Neal Iverson started with two lessons in ice physics when asked to describe\u00a0a research paper about glacier ice flow<\/a>\u00a0that has just been published by the journal\u00a0Science<\/a>.<\/p>\n

First, said the distinguished professor emeritus of Iowa State University\u2019s Department of the\u00a0Earth, Atmosphere, and Climate<\/a>, there are different types of ice within glaciers. Parts of glaciers are at their pressure-melting temperature and are soft and watery.<\/p>\n

That temperate ice is like an ice cube left on a kitchen counter, with meltwater pooling between the ice and the countertop, he said. Temperate ice has been difficult to study and characterize.<\/p>\n

Second, other parts of glaciers have cold, hard ice, like an ice cube still in the freezer. This is the kind of ice that has typically been studied and used as the basis of glacier flow models and forecasts.<\/p>\n

The new research paper, \u201cLinear-viscous flow of temperate ice,\u201d deals with the former, said Iverson, a paper co-author and project supervisor. (See sidebar for a list of all co-authors.)<\/p>\n

The paper describes lab experiments and the resulting data that suggest a standard value within the \u201cempirical foundation of glacier flow modeling\u201d \u2013 an equation known as Glen\u2019s flow law, named after the late John W. Glen, a British ice physicist \u2013 should be changed for temperate ice.<\/p>\n

The new value when used in the flow law \u201cwill tend to predict increases in flow velocity that are much smaller in response to increased stresses caused by ice sheet shrinkage as the climate warms,\u201d Iverson said. That would mean models will show less glacier flow into oceans and project less sea-level rise.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

An acute need to account for warm glacier ice<\/h3>\n
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(Image courtesy of ISU)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The ring-shear device in Neal Iverson’s laboratory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Open the walk-in freezer in Iverson\u2019s campus lab and you\u2019re looking at a 9-foot-tall ring-shear device that\u2019s been simulating glacial forces and movement since 2009.\u00a0It was built<\/a>\u00a0with a $530,000 grant from the\u00a0National Science Foundation<\/a>. The current study was also supported by NSF grants.<\/p>\n

At the center of the device is a ring of ice about 3 feet across and 7 inches thick. Below the ring is a hydraulic press that can put as much as 100 tons of force on the ice and simulate the weight of a glacier 800 feet thick. The ice ring is surrounded by a tub of circulating fluid that regulates the ice temperature to the nearest hundredth of a degree. Electric motors attached to a plate with grippers above the ice ring can rotate the ice at speeds of 1 to 10,000 feet per year.<\/p>\n

For this project, researchers modified the device by adding another gripper to the bottom of the ice ring so that rotation of the upper gripper shears the underlying ice.<\/p>\n

Collin Schohn, a former master\u2019s degree student at Iowa State who\u2019s now a geologist with the\u00a0BBJ Group<\/a>\u00a0based in Chicago and is the first author of the group\u2019s latest research paper, ran a series of six experiments using the modified device, each experiment lasting about six weeks. The experiments included measurements of the ice\u2019s liquid water content, something that hadn\u2019t been done in these kinds of experiments since the 1970s.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese experiments involved deforming the ice at its melting temperatures and at various stresses,\u201d Schohn said.<\/p>\n

Iverson likened the experiments to grabbing a bagel at the top and the bottom, then twisting the two halves to smear the cream cheese in the middle.<\/p>\n

The experimental data showed that ice deformed at a speed that was linearly proportional to the stress, Iverson said. Traditional thinking would have researchers expecting ice to soften with increasing stress, so increments in stress would cause increasingly large increments in speed.<\/p>\n

Why does all this matter?<\/p>\n

Ice is temperate near the bottoms and edges of the fastest flowing parts of ice sheets and in fast-flowing mountain glaciers, both of which shed ice into oceans and influence sea level. \u201cThe need to model and forecast accurately the flow of warm glacier ice is, therefore, acute,\u201d the authors wrote.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Resetting\u00a0n<\/em>\u00a0to 1.0<\/h3>\n

Glen\u2019s flow law is written as:\u00a0\u03b5 \u0307<\/em>= A<\/em>\u03c4<\/em>n<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n

The equation relates the stress on ice,\u00a0\u03c4<\/em>, to its rate of deformation,\u00a0\u03b5 \u0307<\/em>, where\u00a0\u00a0A<\/em>\u00a0is a constant for a particular ice temperature. Results of the new experiments show that the value of the stress exponent,\u00a0n<\/em>, is 1.0 rather than the usually assigned value of 3 or 4.<\/p>\n

The authors wrote, \u201cFor generations, based on Glen\u2019s original experiments and many subsequent experiments mostly on cold ice (-2 degrees C and colder), the value of the stress exponent\u00a0n<\/em>\u00a0in models has been taken to be 3.0.\u201d (They also wrote that other studies of the \u201ccold ice of ice sheets\u201d have placed\u00a0n<\/em>\u00a0higher yet, at 4.0.)<\/p>\n

That was, in part, \u201cbecause experiments with ice at the pressure melting temperature are a challenge,\u201d said\u00a0Lucas Zoet<\/a>, a paper co-author, a former postdoctoral research associate at Iowa State and the Dean L. Morgridge Associate Professor of geoscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Zoet, a co-supervisor of the project, has built a slightly smaller version of the ring-shear device with transparent walls for his laboratory.<\/p>\n

But data from the large-scale, shear-deformation experiments in Iverson\u2019s lab raised questions about the assigned value for\u00a0n<\/em>. Temperate ice is linear-viscous (n\u00a0<\/em>= 1.0) \u201cover common ranges of liquid water content and stress expected near glacier beds and in ice stream margins,\u201d the authors wrote.<\/p>\n

They proposed that the cause is melting and refreezing along the boundaries of individual, millimeter-to-centimeter scale grains of ice, which should occur at rates linearly proportional to the stress.<\/p>\n

These new data allow modelers \u201cto base their ice sheet models on physical relationships demonstrated in the laboratory,\u201d Zoet said. \u201cImproving that understanding improves the accuracy of predictions.\u201d<\/p>\n

It took some perseverance to get the data supporting the new value of\u00a0n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe had been batting this project around for years,\u201d Schohn said. \u201cIt was really hard to get this to work.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the end, Iverson said, \u201cconsidering all the failures and development, this was about a 10-year process.\u201d<\/p>\n

A long process, the researchers said, that\u2019s essential for more accurate models of temperate glacier ice and better predictions of glacier flow and sea-level rise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AMES, Iowa \u2013 Neal Iverson started with two lessons in ice physics when asked to describe\u00a0a research paper about glacier ice flow\u00a0that has just been published by the journal\u00a0Science. 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